剑桥雅思10阅读Test3Passage1原文翻译

这篇文章讨论了旅行和旅游业的历史背景、发展和经济影响。它指出旅行从古代至今一直存在，并且在不同的时期和动机下发展。随着工业革命和交通工具的进步，旅游业逐渐增长并在20世纪变得大规模化。旅游业对经济和社会的重要性不断增长，成为世界上最大的产业之一，为国家提供了就业机会和外汇收入。然而，旅游业的碎片化和多样性使其经济影响不易被察觉。同时，由于定义问题和统计测量的挑战，无法提供确切而可靠的全球旅游参与度和经济影响的数据。总的来说，文章主要讨论了旅行和旅游业的历史、发展和经济影响，并强调了该行业面临的困难。

段落A

Travel has existed since the beginning of time, when primitive man set out, often traversing great distances in search of game, which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival. Throughout the course of history, people have travelled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other equally compelling motivations. In the Roman era, wealthy aristocrats and high government officials also travelled for pleasure. Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome. Travel, except during the Dark Ages, has continued to grow and, throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilisations and their economies.

    段落A:

旅行从时间开始就存在，当原始人出发时，经常跋涉长途寻找食物和衣物，以维持生存所需。在整个历史过程中，人们为了贸易、宗教信仰、经济利益、战争、移民和其他同样重要的动机而旅行。在罗马时代，富有的贵族和高级政府官员也为了愉悦而旅行。位于庞贝和赫库兰尼姆的海滨度假胜地给予市民逃离炎热的罗马夏季的机会，他们可以前往度假别墅度过假期。除了黑暗时代，旅行一直在持续增长，并且在历史记录中，对文明和经济的发展起着至关重要的作用。

段落B

Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability of relatively inexpensive transportation. The creation of the commercial airline industry following the Second World War and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. This growth led to the development of a major new industry: tourism. In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities but also produced a means of earning foreign exchange.

段落B:

如今所知的大规模旅游业是二十世纪的一个显著现象。历史学家认为，大规模旅游业的出现始于工业革命时期的英国，随着中产阶级的崛起和相对廉价的交通工具的可得性。第二次世界大战后商业航空业的创建以及20世纪50年代喷气式飞机的发展标志着国际旅行的迅速增长和扩展。这种增长导致了一个重要的新产业的发展：旅游业。反过来，国际旅游成为世界各国政府的焦点，因为它不仅提供了新的就业机会，还产生了外汇收入。

段落C

Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance. In most industrialised countries over the past few years the fastest growth has been seen in the area of services. One of the largest segments of the service industry, although largely unrecognised as an entity in some of these countries, is travel and tourism. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions’. In 1992, the industry’s gross output was estimated to be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer spending. The travel and tourism industry is the world’s largest employer with almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 percent of all employees. This industry is the world’s leading industrial contributor, producing over 6 per cent of the world’s gross national product and accounting for capital investment in excess of $422 billion in direct, indirect and personal taxes cadi year. Thus, tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself.

段落C:

如今，旅游业在经济和社会上的重要性显著增长。在过去几年里，工业化国家中增长最快的领域是服务业。然而，在某些国家中，其中的一个最大部分却没有被意识到，那就是旅行和旅游。根据世界旅游与旅行理事会（1992年）的数据，旅行和旅游在几乎所有的经济指标上都是世界上最大的产业，包括附加值、资本投资、就业和税收贡献。在1992年，该行业的总产出估计为3.5万亿美元，占所有消费支出的12％以上。旅行和旅游业是世界上最大的雇主，提供近1.3亿个就业岗位，约占全球就业人数的7％。该行业是世界上最主要的产业贡献者，占世界国内生产总值的6％以上，并每年直接、间接和个人税收投资超过4220亿美元。因此，旅游业对世界经济有着深远影响，并且由于旅行的教育效果和对就业的影响，对社会本身也有影响。

段落D

However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. The travel industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of accommodation; restaurants and other food services; transportation services and facilities; amusements, attractions and other leisure facilities; gift shops and a large number of other enterprises. Since many of these businesses also serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated. In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers. Moreover, in all nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or credible tourism information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and global economics. However, the nature of this very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles for economic development in a wide variety of countries, regions or communities.

段落D:

然而，旅行和旅游业的主要问题是行业自身的多样性和碎片化，这隐藏或掩盖了其经济影响。旅游业包括：酒店、汽车旅馆和其他类型的住宿；餐厅和其他餐饮服务；交通服务和设施；娱乐、景点和其他休闲设施；礼品商店和大量其他企业。由于许多这些企业还为当地居民提供服务，因此游客的支出影响很容易被忽视或低估。此外，Meis（1992年）指出，旅游业涉及一些对分析师和决策者来说仍模糊不清的概念。此外，在各国，这个问题使得该行业难以建立任何可靠或可信的旅游信息基础，以估计其对区域、国家和全球经济的贡献。然而，正是这种多样性的本质使得旅行和旅游成为在各种国家、地区或社区中进行经济发展的理想手段。

段落E

Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population. In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the largest commodity in international trade for many nations and, for a significant number of other countries, it ranks second or third. For example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries. In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting from data published by the American Express Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former) West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact. In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.

段落E:

曾经只属于富人的旅行和旅游已成为大多数人的一种制度化的生活方式。事实上，McIntosh和Goeldner（1990年）认为，对许多国家来说，旅游业已成为国际贸易中最大的商品，并且对于很多其他国家来说，它排名第二或第三。“例如，旅游业是百慕大、希腊、意大利、西班牙、瑞士和大多数加勒比国家的主要收入来源。此外，Hawkins和Ritchie引用美国运通公司发布的数据，指出旅行和旅游业是巴哈马、巴西、加拿大、法国、前西德、香港、意大利、牙买加、日本、新加坡、英国和美国等国家中排名第一的雇主。然而，由于定义问题，直接影响统计测量，我们无法确定地提供关于全球旅游参与程度或其经济影响的准确、有效或可靠的数据。在许多情况下，当试图衡量国内旅游时，也会出现类似的困难。