剑桥雅思13阅读Test4Passage1原文翻译

本文讲述了19世纪英国航运业在技术发展上的重要变化，包括从风力到蒸汽动力和从木质到铁和钢铁的转变。文章重点介绍了卡蒂·萨克号（Cutty Sark）这艘著名的帆船，她是一艘快剪帆船，曾统治着世界贸易，并见证了工业革命时期的科技进步。文章还涉及了卡蒂·萨克号的命名来源、建造历程、使用情况以及后来作为博物馆船在格林威治的陈列等方面内容。最后，文章强调了保护和传承文化遗产的重要性。综上所述，本文主要介绍了卡蒂·萨克号的历史和意义。

第1段

The nineteenth century was a period of great technological development in Britain, and for shipping the major changes were from wind to steam power, and from wood to iron and steel.

19世纪是英国技术发展的一个重要时期，对于航运业来说，主要的变化是从风力到蒸汽动力，以及从木质到铁和钢铁的转变。

第2段

The fastest commercial sailing vessels of all time were clippers, three-masted ships built to transport goods around the world, although some also took passengers. From the 1840s until 1869, when the Suez Canal opened and steam propulsion was replacing sail, clippers dominated world trade. Although many were built, only one has survived more or less intact: Cutty Sark, now on display in Greenwich, southeast London.

有史以来最快的商业帆船是快剪帆船，这是建造用于运输货物和部分乘客的三桅帆船。从1840年代到1869年苏伊士运河开通和蒸汽动力取代帆船之前，快剪帆船主宰着世界贸易。尽管建造了很多快剪帆船，但只有一艘得以保存完整：卡蒂·萨克号，现在陈列在伦敦东南部的格林威治。

第3段

Cutty Sark’s unusual name comes from the poem Tam O’Shanter by the Scottish poet Robert Bums. Tam, a farmer, is chased by a witch called Nannie, who is wearing a ‘cutty sark’ – an old Scottish name for a short nightdress. The witch is depicted in Cutty Sark’s figurehead – the carving of a woman typically at the front of old sailing ships. In legend, and in Bums’s poem, witches cannot cross water, so this was a rather strange choice of name for a ship.

卡蒂·萨克号的不寻常的名字来源于苏格兰诗人罗伯特·彭斯的诗《汤姆·奥·尚特》。农民汤姆被一个名叫南妮的女巫追赶，她穿着一件“卡蒂·萨克”——一个古老的苏格兰名称，指的是一种短款睡衣。南妮女巫的形象被雕刻在卡蒂·萨克号的船头雕像上——通常位于古老帆船船头的女性雕像。传说中，以及彭斯的诗中，女巫无法穿越水域，所以这对于一艘船来说是一个相当奇怪的名字选择。

第4段

Cutty Sark was built in Dumbarton, Scotland, in 1869, for a shipping company owned by John Willis. To carry out construction, Willis chose a new shipbuilding firm, Scott & Linton, and ensured that the contract with them put him in a very strong position. In the end, the firm was forced out of business, and the ship was finished by a competitor.

卡蒂·萨克号于1869年在苏格兰邓巴顿建造，为约翰·威利斯拥有的一家航运公司建造。为了进行建造，威利斯选择了一个新的造船公司斯科特和林顿，并确保与他们的合同使他处于非常有利的地位。最终，该公司被迫破产，这艘船由一家竞争对手完成。

第5段

Willis’s company was active in the tea trade between China and Britain, where speed could bring shipowners both profits and prestige, so Cutty Sark was designed to make the journey more quickly than any other ship. On her maiden voyage, in 1870, she set sail from London, carrying large amounts of goods to China. She returned laden with tea, making the journey back to London in four months. However, Cutty Sark never lived up to the high expectations of her owner, as a result of bad winds and various misfortunes. On one occasion, in 1872, the ship and a rival clipper, Thermopylae, left port in China on the same day. Crossing the Indian Ocean, Cutty Sark gained a lead of over 400 miles, but then her rudder was severely damaged in stormy seas, making her impossible to steer. The ship’s crew had the daunting task of repairing the rudder at sea, and only succeeded at the second attempt. Cutty Sark reached London a week after Thermopylae.

威利斯的公司在中国和英国之间的茶叶贸易中活跃，速度可以为船东带来利润和声望，因此卡蒂·萨克号被设计成比任何其他船只更快地完成旅程。在她的处女航中，1870年，她从伦敦启航，将大量货物运往中国。她满载茶叶返回伦敦，用了四个月的时间。然而，由于恶劣的风和各种不幸，卡蒂·萨克号从未达到其所有者的高期望。1872年的一次事件中，该船和一艘竞争对手快剪帆船“热河”同一天离开中国港口。穿越印度洋时，卡蒂·萨克号领先400多英里，但后来她的舵在风暴海域受到严重破坏，使她无法操纵。船员们在海上修复舵的任务艰巨，第二次才成功。卡蒂·萨克号比“热河”晚抵达伦敦一周。

第6段

Steam ships posed a growing threat to clippers, as their speed and cargo capacity increased. In addition, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, the same year that Cutty Sark was launched, had a serious impact. While steam ships could make use of the quick, direct route between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, the canal was of no use to sailing ships, which needed the much stronger winds of the oceans, and so had to sail a far greater distance. Steam ships reduced the journey time between Britain and China by approximately two months.

随着蒸汽船的速度和货运能力的增加，对快剪帆船构成了越来越大的威胁。此外，苏伊士运河在1869年开通，与卡蒂·萨克号下水的同一年，产生了严重影响。蒸汽船可以利用地中海和红海之间的快速直接航线，而运河对帆船无用，它们需要更强的海洋风，因此必须航行更远的距离。蒸汽船将中国和英国之间的航行时间缩短了大约两个月。

第7段

By 1878, tea traders weren’t interested in Cutty Sark, and instead, she took on the much less prestigious work of carrying any cargo between any two ports in the world. In 1880, violence aboard the ship led ultimately to the replacement of the captain with an incompetent drunkard who stole the crew’s wages. He was suspended from service, and a new captain appointed. This marked a turnaround and the beginning of the most successful period in Cutty Sark’s working life, transporting wool from Australia to Britain. One such journey took just under 12 weeks, beating every other ship sailing that year by around a month.

到了1878年，茶叶贸易商对卡蒂·萨克号不感兴趣，相反，她接受了不那么令人尊敬的工作，即在世界任何两个港口之间运输货物。1880年，船上发生的暴力事件最终导致船长被换成了一个酗酒的无能之辈，他偷走了船员的工资。他被停职，新任命了一名船长。这标志着卡蒂·萨克号工作生涯中最成功时期的开始，她开始运输澳大利亚的羊毛。其中一次航行的时间不到12周，比当年其他船只多出大约一个月。

 

第8段

The ship’s next captain, Richard Woodget, was an excellent navigator, who got the best out of both his ship and his crew. As a sailing ship, Cutty Sark depended on the strong trade winds of the southern hemisphere, and Woodget took her further south than any previous captain, bringing her dangerously close to icebergs off the southern tip of South America. His gamble paid off, though, and the ship was the fastest vessel in the wool trade for ten years.

船的下一任船长理查德·伍德盖特是一位出色的航海家，他充分发挥了船和船员的优势。作为一艘帆船，卡蒂·萨克号依赖于南半球的强劲贸易风，伍德盖特比以前的任何船长都将她驶向更南方，使她危险地接近南美洲南端的冰山。他的赌博成功了，这艘船成为了羊毛贸易中的最快船只长达十年。

第9段

As competition from steam ships increased in the 1890s, and Cutty Sark approached the end of her life expectancy, she became less profitable. She was sold to a Portuguese firm, which renamed her Ferreira. For the next 25 years, she again carried miscellaneous cargoes around the world.

随着1890年代蒸汽船的竞争日益激烈，卡蒂·萨克号接近了她的寿命终点，她的盈利能力降低。她被卖给了一家葡萄牙公司，改名为费雷拉号。在接下来的25年里，她再次环绕世界运载各种货物。

第10段

Badly damaged in a gale in 1922, she was put into Falmouth harbour in southwest England, for repairs. Wilfred Dowman, a retired sea captain who owned a training vessel, recognised her and tried to buy her, but without success. She returned to Portugal and was sold to another Portuguese company. Dowman was determined, however, and offered a high price: this was accepted, and the ship returned to Falmouth the following year and had her original name restored.

1922年在一场大风中受到严重损坏，她被送进了英格兰西南部的法尔茅斯港进行修复。退休的海员威尔弗雷德·道曼认出了她，并试图购买她，但没有成功。她返回葡萄牙并被另一家葡萄牙公司收购。然而，道曼坚持不懈，他出了一个高价：这个价格被接受了，这艘船于次年返回法尔茅斯，并恢复了原名。

第11段

Dowman used Cutty Sark as a training ship, and she continued in this role after his death. When she was no longer required, in 1954, she was transferred to dry dock at Greenwich to go on public display. The ship suffered from fire in 2007, and again, less seriously, in 2014, but now Cutty Sark attracts a quarter of a million visitors a year.

道曼将卡蒂·萨克号用作培训船，他去世后她继续扮演这角色。1954年，当她不再需要时，她被转移到格林威治的干船坞进行公开展览。这艘船在2007年遭遇火灾，2014年又遭受了较小的火灾，但现在卡蒂·萨克号每年吸引25万游客。