剑桥雅思14阅读Test1Passage1原文翻译

作者指出，游戏对于儿童的创造力、情绪管理、规则遵守等方面具有积极影响。然而，由于社会环境的变化，让孩子有足够的自由玩耍的机会变得日益稀少。虽然一些国际机构已经开始儿童游戏权利的政策制定，但相关研究数据仍然不足。一支研究团队希望通过教育发展学习型游戏的研究为游戏在儿童发展中的角色提供证据。研究者们认为，游戏对于促进儿童的自我控制能力和解决问题的能力发展至关重要，并呼吁教育实践中重视游戏。最后，作者强调了游戏在人类的艺术、科学和技术发展中的重要贡献，呼吁确保孩子拥有充分的游戏体验。

第1段

Brick by brick, six-year-old Alice is building a magical kingdom. Imagining fairy-tale turrets and fire-breathing dragons, wicked witches and gallant heroes, she’s creating an enchanting world. Although she isn’t aware of it, this fantasy is helping her take her first steps towards her capacity for creativity and so it will have important repercussions in her adult life.

六岁的艾丽丝一砖一瓦地建造着一个神奇的王国。她想象着童话般的塔楼和喷火的龙，邪恶的巫婆和勇敢的英雄，创造出一个迷人的世界。尽管她没有意识到，但这个幻想帮助她迈出了她对创造力的第一步，因此它对她成年后的生活将生重要影响。

第2段

Minutes later, Alice has abandoned the kingdom in favour of playing schools with her younger brother. When she bosses him around as his ‘teacher’, she’s practising how to regulate her emotions through pretence. Later on, when they tire of this and settle down with a board game, she’s learning about the need to follow rules and take turns with a partner.

几分钟后，艾丽丝放弃了王国，转而与她的弟弟学校。当她扮演“老师”命令他时，她通过假装来练习如何通过控制情绪。之后，当他们厌倦了，开始玩棋盘游戏时，她学会了遵守规则和与伙伴轮流的必要性。

第3段

‘Play in all its rich variety is one of the highest achievements of the human species,’ says Dr David Whitebread from the Faculty of Education at the University of Cambridge, UK. ‘It underpins how we develop as intellectual, problem-solving adults and is crucial to our success as a highly adaptable species.’

英国剑桥大学教育学院的大卫·怀特布雷德博士说：“各种各样的游戏是人类最高成就之一。它支撑我们作为具有智力和解决问题能力的成年人的发展，并对我们作为高度适应性物种的成功至关重要。”

第4段

Recognising the importance of play is not new: over two millennia ago, the Greek philosopher Plato extolled its virtues as a means of developing skills for adult life, and ideas about play-based learning have been developing since the 19th century.

承认游戏的重要性并不新鲜：两千多年前，希腊哲学家柏拉图赞美它作为培养成年生活技能的手段，而关于基于游戏的学习的想法自19世纪以来一直在发展。

第5段

But we live in changing times, and Whitebread is mindful of a worldwide decline in play, pointing out that over half the people in the world now live in cities. ‘The opportunities for free play, which I experienced almost every day of my childhood, are becoming increasingly scarce,’ he says. Outdoor play is curtailed by perceptions of risk to do with traffic, as well as parents’ increased wish to protect their children from being the victims of crime, and by the emphasis on ‘earlier is better’ which is leading to greater competition in academic learning and schools.

但我们生活在不断变化的时代，怀特布雷德对全球游戏的下降趋势心存忧虑，指出现在世界上超过一半的人口生活在城市中。“我童年时几乎每天都有自由游戏的机会，但现在这种机会越来越少，”他说。户外游戏受到交通风险的看法的限制，以及父母希望保护孩子不成为犯罪受害者的愿望的影响，以及“越早越好”的强调导致学术学习和学校竞争加剧。

第6段

International bodies like the United Nations and the European Union have begun to develop policies concerned with children’s right to play, and to consider implications for leisure facilities and educational programmes. But what they often lack is the evidence to base policies on.

像联合国和欧盟这样的国际组织已经开始制定关于儿童游戏权利的政策，并考虑休闲设施和教育项目的影响。但他们通常缺乏基于证据的政策依据。

第7段

‘The type of play we are interested in is child-initiated, spontaneous and unpredictable – but, as soon as you ask a five-year-old “to play”, then you as the researcher have intervened,’ explains Dr Sara Baker. ‘And we want to know what the long-term impact of play is. It’s a real challenge.’

萨拉·贝克博士解释道：“我们感兴趣的游戏类型是由儿童主导的，自发的和不可预测的 – 但是，一旦你要求一个五岁的孩子‘玩’，你作为研究人员就已经介入了。”“我们想知道游戏的长期影响是什么。这是一个真正的挑战。”

第8段

Dr Jenny Gibson agrees, pointing out that although some of the steps in the puzzle of how and why play is important have been looked at, there is very little data on the impact it has on the child’s later life.

珍妮·吉布森博士也同意这一观点，指出虽然对游戏的重要性的一些方面已经得到了研究，但对其对儿童以后生活的影响的数据非常有限。

第9段

Now, thanks to the university’s new Centre for Research on Play in Education, Development and Learning (PEDAL), Whitebread, Baker, Gibson and a team of researchers hope to provide evidence on the role played by play in how a child develops.

现在，由于该大学的新成立的教育、发展和学习游戏研究中心（PEDAL），怀特布雷德、贝克、吉布森和一组研究人员希望提供关于游戏在儿童发展中的作用的证据。

第10段

‘A strong possibility is that play supports the early development of children’s self-control,’ explains Baker. ‘This is our ability to develop awareness of our own thinking processes — it influences how effectively we go about undertaking challenging activities.’

贝克解释说：“一个强有力的可能性是，游戏支持儿童自我控制的早期发展。这是我们发展对自己思维程的意识的能力 – 它影响我们如何有效地进行具有挑战性活动。”

第11段

In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young pre-schoolers, she found that children with greater self-control solved problems more quickly when exploring an unfamiliar set-up requiring scientific reasoning. ‘This sort of evidence makes us think that giving children the chance to play will make them more successful problem-solvers in the long run.’

在贝克与幼儿和学龄前儿童进行的一项研究中，她发现具有更强自我控制能力的孩子在探索需要科学推理的陌生环境中更快地解决问题。“这种证据让我们认为给孩子玩的机会将使他们在解决问题方面更加成功。”

第12段

If playful experiences do facilitate this aspect of development, say the researchers, it could be extremely significant for educational practices, because the ability to self-regulate has been shown to be a key predictor of academic performance.

研究人员表示，如果有趣的体验确实促进了这方面的发展，那将对教育实践非常重要，因为自我调节的能力被证明是学业表现的关键预测因素。

第13段

Gibson adds: ‘Playful behaviour is also an important indicator of healthy social and emotional development. In my previous research, I investigated how observing children at play can give us important clues about their well-being and can even be useful in the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism.’

吉布森补充说：“有趣的行为也是健康社交和情感发展的重要指标。在我的以前的研究中，我调查了观察儿童玩耍如何为我们提供有关他们幸福感的重要线索，并且甚至可以在诊断像自闭症这样的神经发育障碍时有用。”

第14段

Whitebread’s recent research has involved developing a play-based approach to supporting children’s writing. ‘Many primary school children find writing difficult, but we showed in a previous study that a playful stimulus was far more effective than an instructional one.’ Children wrote longer and better-structured stories when they first played with dolls representing characters in the story. In the latest study, children first created their story with Lego*, with similar results. ‘Many teachers commented that they had always previously had children saying they didn’t know what to write about. With the Lego building, however, not a single child said this through the whole year of the project.’

Whitebread最近的研究涉及开发一种基于游戏的方法来支持儿童写作。他说：“许多小学生发现写作很困难，但我们在之前的研究中表明，游戏的刺激比教学更有效。”当孩子们首先与故事中的角色玩偶进行游戏时，他们写出了更长且结构更好的故事。在最新的研究中，孩子们首先用乐高创作了他们的故事，也取得了类似的结果。他说：“许多教师评论说，以前孩子们总是说不知道该写什么。然而，通过乐高建造，整个项目的一年里没有一个孩子说过这句话。”

 

第15段

Whitebread, who directs PEDAL, trained as a primary school teacher in the early 1970s, when, as he describes, ‘the teaching of young children was largely a quiet backwater, untroubled by any serious intellectual debate or controversy.’ Now, the landscape is very different, with hotly debated topics such as school starting age.

怀特布雷德是PEDAL的负责人，他在20世纪70年代初曾接受过小学教师的训，当时，正如他所描述的，“教导年幼儿童在很大程度上一个安静的背水一战，没有受到任何严肃的知识辩论或争议。”现在，情况发生了很大变化，有很多备受争议的话题，如学龄的起始年龄。

第16段

‘Somehow the importance of play has been lost in recent decades. It’s regarded as something trivial, or even as something negative that contrasts with “work”. Let’s not lose sight of its benefits, and the fundamental contributions it makes to human achievements in the arts, sciences and technology. Let’s make sure children have a rich diet of play experiences.’

“在最近几十年中，游戏的重要性不知何故被忽视了。它被视为琐事，甚至被视为与‘工作’相对立的负面事物。让我们不要忽视它的好处，以及它对人类在艺术、科学和技术方面的基本贡献。让我们确保孩子有丰富的游戏体验。”